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Environmental Impacts of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes: Evidence from Ethiopian Rift Valley Lake Basins
Mihret Dananto Ulsido,Ermias Alemu Demisse,Mekonene Ayana Gebul,Adunga Eneyew Bekelle
Environmental Research, Engineering and Management , 2013, DOI: 10.5755/j01.erem.63.1.3401
Abstract: This research has been carried out in the Rift Valley Lakes Basin (RVLB), which is one of the twelve major river basins in Ethiopia. The RVLB has been considered in this research due to its high priority that comes from the significant ecological and environmental interest from different sectors. The research has tried to compare the relative environmental impact of Bedene Alemtena, Eballa, Argeda and Gedemso irrigation projects. Impact assessment at the community level has been collected on a base of key informant interviews and ad- hock technique. For the study, a summary of two sets of structured questioners are also used. Check lists, matrices, and rule based analysis are used to aggregate a scaled value of the individual parameters collected through the interviews and physical observations at the four sites. Deforestation, overgrazing, poor watershed management, soil salinity, soil acidity, communicable and non communicable diseases, and water logging are the major problems of all schemes. Specifically, about 34% of respondents have encountered soil fertility deterioration in Argeda, Gedemso and Bedene Alemtena irrigation projects with high significant variation (X2, 97.7). Land degradation scenario after the implementation of the projects is also reported in Argeda (19.9%), Gedemso (10.4%), Ebala (23.8%), Bedene Alemtena (33.3%) (X2, 86.3). About 76.2 % of farmers in Argeda irrigation project have perceived that soil erosion in their plot is significantly more severe than other schemes (X2, 198.3). The comparison based on aggregated values shows that the Argeda 01 and Gedemso 01 irrigation projects have environmentally performed better than the Eballa and Bedene Alemtena irrigation projects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.63.1.3401
Preparation of Iron Ferrocyanide-Supported Nanofiber Membrane for Purification of Cesium-Contaminated Water  [PDF]
Yasuhito Mukai, Ayana Mizuno
Journal of Water Resource and Protection (JWARP) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.64030
Abstract:

The earthquake in northeastern Japan that occurred on March 11, 2011 brought about the nuclear accident, resulting in the detection of radioactive cesium in soil and water over a wide region around Fukusihma. In this study, with the aim of the establishment of an effective method for removing cesium from water contaminated with cesium, the functionalized membrane with large cesium adsorption capacity per unit mass was prepared by combining nanofibers having a large specific surface area with iron ferrocyanide having a high selectivity for cesium adsorption. The nanofiber membrane made of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was used as a base material of the functionalized membrane. Nanofiber membranes were immersed in the dispersions of iron ferrocyanide with various concentrations and pH values. After taking it out, it was dried at various temperatures and then non-immobilized iron ferrocyanide was completely removed through cleaning. As a result of the evaluation of completed affinity membranes, the amount of iron ferrocyanide immobilized by the nanofiber membrane increased significantly with the increase in the iron ferrocyanide concentration but subsequently showed a tendency to decrease rapidly, resulting in a distinct maximum at the iron ferrocyanide concentration of 3 wt%. And, the supported amount of iron ferrocyanide to the nanofiber membrane increased as pH became lower. Moreover, it was found that as high temperature as possible without exceeding the glass transition temperature of PAN was optimal as a drying temperature of prepared affinity membrane.

Assessment of Factors That Affect the Performance of Agricultural Production, in the Case of Amhara Region, Ethiopia  [PDF]
Melkamu Ayana Zeru
Agricultural Sciences (AS) , 2018, DOI: 10.4236/as.2018.98073
Abstract: The agricultural sector is the basis of livelihood for a large proportion of society in Ethiopia. In the three political regimes in modern Ethiopia, the Imperial, the military and the Ethiopian people revolutionary democratic front (EPRDF), agriculture has been regarded as a critical sector. The Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI) is the national policy of the country. Regardless of the government policy attention and investment, there is a long way to go for smallholders to ensure food self-sufficiency. Agriculture is the base of our food, transformation to industrialization, climatic change control system. Agriculture is the soul of our sovereignty for development as well as poverty reduction for individuals and country level. In Ethiopia, population density is high and has been increasing and agricultural land has been decreasing because of fragmenting or converting it into residential plots. To meet the domestic food requirements, use of improved production technologies developed by research is come out to be important. Therefore, the goal of this study was to analyze factors that affect the performance of agricultural products in Amahara region national state and to determine the highly significant input factors for producing high and qualified agricultural outputs. Data regarding total agricultural outputs and its input factors in study area of Amahara region from 2010 to 2018 was obtained from Amhara national state branch of the Ethiopian institute of agricultural sector. Correlation analyses were used to examine the strength of the relationship between each of the determinant factors with total agricultural output, while multiple regression analysis was employed to examine the simultaneous effects of several independent variables on the dependent variable, total agricultural outputs. These analyses were employed through the packages R and Stata to achieve the main objectives of the study. All of the independent variables were highly correlated with the total agricultural output. The overall regression model was highly significant (p-value < 0.01) with F = 45.532. The R-squared value implies that 93.8% percent of the changes in average total agricultural outputs are successfully explained by the variables used in the model of this study. If we take model size into account, 91.8% percent of the variation in average total agricultural output was explained by the values of the independent variables. Specifically, among the independent variables irrigated land, fertilizer, improved seed and pesticides are the most significant
Risky Sexual Behavior and Its Determinants among Orphan and Vulnerable Children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia  [PDF]
Ayana Chimdessa Fite, Amsale Cherie
World Journal of AIDS (WJA) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/wja.2016.64015
Abstract: Back Ground: Risky sexual behavior among orphans and vulnerable children and its associated physical, psychological and social consequences is becoming a major public health concern globally. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of risky sexual behavior and its determinants among orphan and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa. Methodology: A community based cross sectional study was conducted on three support and care giving organizations for orphans and vulnerable children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March to June 2014. A total of 422 orphan and vulnerable children were selected using systematic sampling. Data were collected using pre tested self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Result: A total of 407 (96.4%) respondents participated in this study. Among them 112 (27.5%) had sexual intercourse in their life time, of these 50 (44.6%) started sex before the age of 15, 94 (83.9%) had forced sex, 84 (75.0%) had multiple sexual partners, only 16 (14.3%) used condom the first time they had sex and 96 (85.7%) participated in transactional sex. Females were about 3.25 (2.67 - 7.3) times more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior than male respondents, double orphans had 4.32 (2.45 - 9.54) odds of risky sexual behavior compared to their counterparts. Those respondents who had knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention were less likely to be involved in risky sexual behavior 0.58 (0.41 - 0.93). Conclusion: Orphan and vulnerable children are at a higher likelihood of risky sexual behavior. Intervention targeted at multilevel such as orphan survival training, assertive communication skills, sexuality education and education about HIV risk perception, physical, psychological and human right protection, social support, and economic access for basic needs need to be given consideration.
The Law and Practice of Administrative Courts in Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Ababa City Administrative Tribunal
Abate Ayana
International Journal of Advanced Legal Studies and Governance , 2011,
Abstract: Addis Ababa city administration established an administrative tribunal based on proclamation No. 6/2008. Thus, the city administrative tribunal would revise administrative measures taken by the concerned city offices. In other words, it hears and decides on appeals which are brought to it by the civil servants. The study which adopted the survey research design mainly through personal interview with court administrators revealed that the city administrative tribunal has performed its function in proper manner and base on the laws. Besides, it is observed that in rendering decision the tribunal carefully followed the laid down procedures. Speedy trial was also one quality of the administrative tribunal. It was therefore concluded that the administrative tribunal operated in a legal and procedural sound manner. Nevertheless, for enhanced productivity, professional trainings for the staff of Addis Ababa City Administrative Tribunal in particular and Administrative Courts in Ethiopia in general should be taken seriously.
Heritability and Correlation among Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) Yield and Some Agronomic and Sugar Quality Traits in Ethiopia  [PDF]
Esayas Tena, Firew Mekbib, Amsalu Ayana
American Journal of Plant Sciences (AJPS) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.710139
Abstract: To assess broad sense heritability and phenotypic and genetic correlations among sugarcane yield components, an experiment was conducted at Wonji and Metehara Sugar Estates of Sugar Corporation of Ethiopia during 2012/2013. High broad sense heritability (h2) was detected for stalk diameter (0.730), single cane weight (0.672), millable cane number (0.624), stalk height (0.624) and pol % (0.608), indicating that these traits could be selected for easily. Expected genetic gain of the yield components was moderate to high. All traits had low to high genetic correlations (rg = -0.005 to 0.884) with cane yield and (rg = 0.027 to 0.999) with sugar yield. On average genetic correlations were higher than phenotypic correlations. High Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV), broad sense heritability and expected genetic advance were recorded for stalk diameter, single cane weight and millable cane number. A selection strategy based on these traits could lead to improvement in cane and sugar yield.
Correlation and Path Coefficient Analyses in Sugarcane Genotypes of Ethiopia  [PDF]
Esayas Tena, Firew Mekbib, Amsalu Ayana
American Journal of Plant Sciences (AJPS) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.710141
Abstract: To study the relations of certain morphological and sugar quality characters with sugarcane yield, an experiment was conducted at Wonji and Metehara Sugar Estates, Ethiopia between March 2012 and October 2013. The experiment, comprising of 400 sugarcane genotypes of which 174 were local that were collected from different regional states of Ethiopia and 226 introduced, was laid out in partial balanced lattice design with two replications. Data was collected on cane yield and its components, sugar yield and sugar quality traits. ANOVA, correlation and path coefficient analysis were done. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences (P < 0.01) for all the characters studied. Cane yield showed strong positive and highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation with millable cane number (r = 0.832), single cane weight (r = 0.528), stalk height (r = 0.517) and sugar yield (r = 0.987). There was also positive significant (P = 0.05) correlation of tiller count and cane diameter with cane yield. Path analysis revealed the highest positive direct effect of millable cane number (0.812) on cane yield followed by single cane weight (0.682) and pol percent (0.550). However, stalk diameter and brix percent had considerable negative direct effects and indirect positive
Genetic Diversity of Quantitative Traits of Sugarcane Genotypes in Ethiopia  [PDF]
Esayas Tena, Firew Mekbib, Amsalu Ayana
American Journal of Plant Sciences (AJPS) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.710142
Abstract: Information about the amount and distribution of genetic variation in germplasm collections is important for their efficient management and effective utilization in plant breeding. Therefore this study was conducted to assess genetic diversity of sugarcane germplasm in Ethiopia. An experiment comprising of 400 sugarcane genotypes (174 local and 226 introduced) was conducted between March 2012 and October 2013 at Wonji and Metehara Sugar Estates using partial balanced lattice design with two replications. Data was recorded on 21 quantitative characters which included cane yield and its components, sugar yield and sugar quality traits. ANOVA portrayed highly significant differences (P < 0.01) among the genotypes for 21 quantitative traits. Cluster analysis revealed intra cluster D2 values ranging from 2.16 - 10.60 and inter cluster from 7.24 - 5864. There were six principal components accounting for 79.26% of the total variation in the tested materials. Millable stalk count, single cane weight, stalk diameter, cane yield, sugar yield and sugar quality traits showed high positive loading on the first two PCs and accounted for most of the variation observed among the genotypes. Therefore, this study suggested that the important characters responsible for diversity in the sugarcane genotypes could be grouped in two principal components namely “Yield” and “Quality” with “Yield” traits being comparatively more important than “Quality”. Genotypes clustered for high mean values of various traits could be exploited for further improvement of the crop either through selection or through hybridization. The clusters having high mean value for yield could be selected for yield per se as well.
Factors Associated with Vulnerability to HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections among Street Children in Selected Towns of Ethiopia, 2016  [PDF]
Ayana Chimdessa, Oladapo Olayemi, Onoja Mathew Akpa
World Journal of AIDS (WJA) , 2017, DOI: 10.4236/wja.2017.73019
Abstract:
Background: The problem of street children is becoming a world crosscutting issue since these children exist in every part of the world and become a worldwide problem. Objective: To assess factors associated with vulnerability to STIs and HIV/AIDS among street children in selected towns of Ethiopia. Methodology: Community-based cross-sectional descriptive study design was used on the three selected towns of Ethiopia from June-September, 2016. A total of 360 street children were selected, using snow ball sampling technique. Data were collected using pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 360 (97.8%) respondents were included in this study. Among them, 167 (46.4%) of them had practiced sexual intercourse and out of these, 137 (82%) had started having sex at the age of 16 years old. Out of these, 61 (36.53%) of them started to get daily basic needs whereas 54 (32.3%) of them were forcefully raped on the street. Only 53 (59.6%) had used condom consistently and 83 (49.7%) had conducted survival sex within the last 12 months. Children on the street or chewing khat or consumption of alcohol had more vulnerability to STIs and HIV about 2.532 (1.57 - 4.08), 2.32 (1.11 - 4.80), 4.18 (2.31 - 7.55) times respectively. But those enrolled in school were about 0.40 (0.25, 0.64) less likely vulnerable than their counterparts. Conclusion: Street children are at a higher likelihood of vulnerability to STIs and HIV. Intervention targeted multilevel approach such as re-integration with their family, life skills training, sexuality education, creating income-generating activities and information education about STIs and HIV should be considered.
Interpersonal Violence related injury at St Luke Hospital, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
B Ayana, E Ahmed
East and Central African Journal of Surgery , 2012,
Abstract: Background: Injuries and violence posses a major public health and development problem worldwide. The problem is recognized in Ethiopia but there are limited data that can guide public health action. The aim of our study was to investigate patterns of interpersonal violence related intentional injury. Methods: This is a one year prospective study of intentional injuries as a result of interpersonal conflict handled at St. Luke Catholic Hospital between Jan 1st and Dec 31st 2009. Results: A total of 386 new cases were analysed. The great majority of the victims were male (91%) and the age group of 21-30 were the most vulnerable (38%). Most were farmers (75%) who live in rural area (92%) and responsible for the family (76%). The three quarters of the injuries were occurred either on the road or at home. The principal motive of the conflict was land dispute (32%), their relation being either neighbour (56%) or family members (14%). In half of the incidents, at least one of the person involved in fighting were drunken. Blunt trauma accounted for 86%, usually resulted in fracture (67%). Hundred twenty seven were admitted and six died. Conclusion: Interpersonal violence related injury is a common problem of our rural population which affect the individual, family and the country. Possible intervention methods will be discussed.
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